TAL - Definition of terms

Forward Integration vs Backward Integration

Both forward and backward integration is a form of vertical integration that the corporate merges the upstream and downstream player of the corporate supply chain. The difference between forward integration and backward integration is that while the company of the former one merges with the  downstream players, the latter merges with the upstream players.


Push strategy (manufacturer driven)

In East and South East Asia, the supply of low-cost and abundant labour had previously brought advantage to the area as the manufacturers in those areas are being relied to produce for the global demand.

The passing of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994 has brought Mexico as the low-cost manufacturing base to the US. This diluted the share of the Asian Big Three from two-third of total apparel imports in the US to 27 percent.

Hong Kong, among the big three, had enjoyed the prestigious role acting as the commercial gateway to China. It receive the orders from around the globe and allocate production to manufacturing bases in China and other Asian countries according to labour cost and quota availabilities.












Pull strategy (buyer driven)

However, the advantage was threatened when China entered the WTO and eliminated all textile quotas. This means that manufacturers in China can directly cope with the US to receive orders and produce for it.

Hong Kong manufacturers have strived to develop counter-strategy to shift its expertise to higher value-added activities. One counter-strategy is shifting from OEMs to OBMs. Another one is capitalizing on their current full-package supply model, providing and coordinating all activities in the production, trade and financial networks to their foreigner buyer.

TAL appeal was more inclined to the method of generating backward linkages with their raw material suppliers for reliable sourcing network.


Producers driven vs buyers driven

Producers driven value chain is a value chain that large, transnational producers play a pivotal role in coordinating production networks (Gereffi & Memedovic, 2003).

Buyers driven value chain is a value chain that large retailers, marketers and branded manufacturers play an important role in setting up decentralized production networks (Gereffi & Memedovic, 2003).

The differences between two value chains are that the upstream and downstream player tends to play an important role in producer-driven and buyers-driven value chains respectively. Besides, the producer driven value chain tends to happen at capital-and technology- intensive industries while the buyer one tends to develop at labor-intensive, consumer-goods industries (Gereffi & Memedovic, 2003).

	Producers driven	Buyers driven
Pivotal Actor	Large, transnational producers	Large retailers, marketers and branded manufacturers
Industries being prone to adopt various value chain	Capital-and technology- intensive industries	Labor-intensive, consumer-goods industries

Table 1. The difference between Producers driven and Buyers driven value chain


OEM vs OBM

Original equipment manufacturing (OEM) is a form of subcontracting that the supplying produce the goods based on design specified by buyer and sold under the brand name of buyer (Gereffi & Memedovic, 2003).

Original brand name manufacturing (OBM) is an upgrading that the goods are all designed, produced by and sold under the brand name of manufacturer (Gereffi & Memedovic, 2003).

The major difference between OEM and OBM is that while there are at least two firms involved under OEM, only one at minimum is involved under OBM.

	OEM	OBM
Design	Buyer	Manufacturer
Production	Manufacturer	Manufacturer
Sold under the brand name	Buyer	Manufacturer
Minimum number of firm involved	2	1

Table 2. The difference between OEM and OBM


X-Docking

The term X-docking refers to the movement of goods directly from a manufacturing plant to the customer with little or no material handling in between. Cross docking not only reduces material handling, but also reduces the need to store the products in the warehouse.

By adopting the X-Docking system, garments produced are firstly barcoded and packed at TAL’s factories. Besides, TAL applied the Garment On Hanger (GOH) Programme which assist customers to select the most suitable hanger to maximize their selling opportunities by displaying garments in the most attractive manner. Later when they arrive at customers’ distribution centers, they can simply be scanned and sent to truck directly and then transport to stores quickly. In this way, customers can be benefited from reducing inventory holding cost and production lead-time.


Collaborative Planning, Forecasting & Replenishment (CPFR)

CPFR is a system which aims to enhance supply chain integration by joint practices between suppliers and customers. It seeks a cooperative inventory management by collecting the information sharing between suppliers and retailers in order to plan replenishment quantity to satisfy the customer demand.

When there are any inaccuracies from the designed replenishment model based on sales data and market trends, CPFR system will send a warning to TAL and customer automatically and remind them to change the appropriate replenishment quantity. This system can allow TAL to work in close relationship with its customers and reduce merchandising and inventory cost.


Made to Measure (MTM)

Made-to-measure can be referred to personal tailoring. It is a program aims to help customers to offer tailor-made apparels. After choosing the desired fitting and style of garment followed by measurement of tailor at the store, the order will be sent to TAL directly for manufacturing. The personalized garment can be delivered directly to the customer in the US within three weeks.


Vender Managed Inventory (VMI)

A business model which the manufacturer is responsible for maintaining the customer’s inventory level. The manufacturer has access to the distributor’s inventory data and is responsible for generating purchase orders.

By employing this advanced program, customer’s inventory is monitored and managed by TAL directly. TAL does the demand creation and inventory replenishment based on point of sales information of customers’ stores. Then, TAL will deliver the products directly to each store without consulting its customers. It is estimated to at most 15 percent of inventory and operation cost can be saved for each customer.

Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)

EDI is a communication system used by companies to exchange information and documents such as purchase orders, invoices, shipping notices etc. EDI has replaced the traditional information sharing methods like fax machine and mailing list because it is more responsive and cost-effective. TAL started to adopt the EDI standard in 1990 for trade document processing with its customers and to optimize business process with its suppliers.



Reference:

Gereffi, Gary & Memedovic, Olga 2003, The Global Apparel Value Chain: What Prospects for Upgrading by Developing Countries, United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Available form: <http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/media/documents/pdf/Services_Modules/Apparel_Value_Chain.pdf>. [11 April 2014]

Cross Docking in the Warehouse, n.d.. Available from: <http://logistics.about.com/od/tacticalsupplychain/a/cross_dock.htm> [11 April 2014]


Seifert, Dick 2003. Collaborative Planning, Forecasting, and Replenishment: How to Create a Supply Chain Advantage. AMACOM: A division of American Management Association .[11 April 2014]

Brooke, Simon 2007. Just how personal can you get, Available from: Financial Times. [2008-10-09]

Definition of Vendor Managed Inventory, n.d.. Available from: <http://www.vendormanagedinventory.com/definition.php> [11 April 2014]

Electronic Data Interchange, n.d.. Available from: <http://www.electronicdatainterchange.org/> [12 April 2014]

TAL Group, 2006. INNOVATIVESUPPLY. Available from: <http://www.talgroup.com/en/workingwith_tal.html>[12 April 2014]

HIT - Q&A Session

Apex

1. As compared with other container terminals in Pearl River Delta (PRD) like Yantian International Container Terminals, HIT does not closely link to railway. Do you consider it as a disadvantage? Why or why not?

On the contrary, Hong Kong has its own advantages, high effectiveness, efficiency, and stability. Hong Kong is a natural deep-water port, a blessed gift, and a few ports have that potential. The seabed of Hong Kong is extremely deep that allows any large-scale ship to park in. In addition, Hong Kong has lots of attraction: Hong Kong is a Freeport and has offered tax-free to company; customs declaration mechanism is facilitate; Hong Kong has many routes connecting with other country.

2. Recent years the cargo throughput in Southern China region such as Shenzhen port keeps on increasing. Would this bring threats to port development in Hong Kong? How do the container port operators like HIT deals with the fierce competition to maintain its leading position?

Recently, HIT’s business in Hong Kong is still very stable. Hong Kong is a transshipment port, it has a totally difference role with Shenzhen. 70% of Hong Kong business is transshipment, but only 30% is direct export. On the contrary, direct export is accounted for 70% in Shenzhen port as there are many factory in Shenzhen. As the largest container port operators, HIT would enhance its own competitiveness and productivity to maintain its leading position.

 

Morning

3. Last year, labor dispute adversely impacted HIT’s corporate image and brought a huge financial loss to HIT. What are the procedures and policies for HIT to prevent labor strike in order to maintain normal operation of HIT and harmonious employer-employee relationship?  

Todays, HIT has put extra effect on building close and good relationship with its staffs, outsourced staffs and contractors. HIT also has improved working environment by retrofitting washrooms and restrooms. HIT even allows a part of the employees working in control room that is built in indoor building. HIT often invite outsourced staffs to join their normal briefing session in order to exchange information and enhance communication between each other.

 

4. What contingency plans for the extreme situation of bad weather just like black rain extreme weather last Sunday?

HIT has its own precaution to deal with the extreme weather. For example, staffs is not allowed to work under typhoon signal no.8. To begin with, HIT will stop all transactions of empty cargo and lashing by hemp rope.

After that, HIT informs ship company that not allow to park at pier; even force them to leave immediately.

Under typhoon signal, HIT will plug in all cranes with floor by pressing buttons, in order to avoid cranes moving along its tracks randomly and freely.

All staffs worked in container yard will be forced to leave and stand by in the rest room.

Last but not least, HIT will keep contact tightly with radio station, Ship Company and truck driver about the situation of container yard and operation time.

Smarties

5. To run such a huge container port, we know that HIT have applied lots IT system such as Next Generation Terminal Management System (nGen), Operations Monitoring System(OMS), Radio Data System(RDS) etc. In order to well-organize it among those systems, which systems that your company value most that your company is proud of it?

Even though the total area of Hong Kong port is relatively small, the port throughput is extremely high with high effectiveness. It should be credit for the self-developed system (nGen), which can calculate very accurately on ship arrival time and required resources for cargo handling.

Yakult - Q&A Session

Smarties

1. In HK, Yakult only have one to two products. Will Yakult consider using its unique existing technology to diversify itself and expand the market? For example, adding new product lines to sell related healthy products such as yogurt or Yakult sweet or others.

Now, Yakult has offered red and green Yakult drinks already. However, the factory of Yakult in Hong Kong is relatively small. It is not possible to add new product lines without extra space. In fact, a variety of fruit taste of Yakult drinks can be homemade by customer easily and directly.


2. From the news of HKET, nutritionists claim that even a light Yakult contain more sugar than a Coke. Facing the criticism and challenges, how do Yakult deal with the negative public opinion?

HKCC had investigated many company. Unfortunately, it use Yakult as an example only. Frankly speaking, the sale and revenue has been affected at that period. Although Yakult drink has high sugar content, it is necessary to add sugar in the drink. Probiotics cannot alive in environment without sugar. Todays, sales and revenue is rising continuously after extensive effort in promotion.


Apex

3. As Yakult contains the milk powder which makes it a dairy product, it is harder to preserve than the other kinds of drinks. How does Yakult manage to preserve their products with such a large amount of them are being sold in the market? How does Yakult manage to control the inventory as the demand is sometimes hard to predict?

Though demand is sometimes hard to predict, Yakult has plenty of methods to address it. Yakult keeps checking customers demand after each product delivery and has lots of investigation or survey to predict demand.


4. Yakult has been increasingly putting focus on Guangzhou such as building a second manufacturing facility. With improving transport infrastructure at Pearl River Delta, does your company have the intention to move the production plant from Hong Kong to Guangzhou? Why or why not?

Yakult do not have such intention. Yakult has set up its own factories in different regions because their products have very short expiry date about 1 month. Supposing that the Hong Kong’s manufacturing facility is shifting to Guangzhou, it would reduce the edible time of Yakult drinks.


Morning

5. It is observed that the rumor to Yakult products in China such as preventing cancers, whitening faces leading to the rising demand on Yakult. Are there any benefits and drawbacks caused by the rumor? Are there any follow up actions to deal with this rumor?

To cope with this rumor, Yakult issued a clarification that their products would not produce any relevant carcinogens and cancer. Besides, Yakult started to hold many promotion and seminar for publicity and educational purpose. It help consumer to understand Yakult drink’s benefits.

Kerry Logistics - Q&A Session

Q & A Session
Apex

1. It seems that Kerry Logistics has put more focus at Thailand (e.g. headquarter of KART, Kerry Siam Seaport) when compared with other Southeast Asian countries. What are the major factors of putting the focus at Thailand? Does the recent anti-Thaksin movement affect the company business?

There are many reasons Kerry Logistics focusedat Thailand.

In historically,Kerry Logistics hasset upmany companies in there already. Thailand is a more well-developed country incompression to the neighboring countries.Thailand has its seaport to export. It is also the Center of south Asia and the political situation is more stable relatively.

2. Kerry Logistics often make use of intermodal transportation. How do Kerry Logistics effectively communicate and corporate with different transportation modes' partners in order to deliver the goods to the destination efficiently and take advantage of intermodal transportation?

The communication between different parties will be done before the launch of product instead of after launching of the product.For example, the quantity will be compromised before the shipping decision is made. The carriers have their specific communication methods and they all know how to communicate to each other.

Smarties

3. Last year, Kerry Logistics has secured a major contract with ASOS to support the on-line fashion and beasty retailer’s push into the China market. It reveals that foreign companies always choose Kerry as their partners to explore market in China. What are the key factors that make Kerry attractive to your business partners?

Although ASOS is one of the largest E-retailer in US, they are looking for third party logistic instead of building own warehouse in China, because it is troublesome. For example, there are many different rules in different regions, but no one follows. Besides, relationship is the main key factor in doing businesses in China.

The attractiveness of Kerry logistics to ASOS is financial stability and creditability, main concernsof the most foreign company. Kerry logistics also has extensive network in China. Kerry logistics have warehouses not only along the coastal region in China, but also the continental area compare to its major rivals.

4. As we know, “KerrierVISION” is the own IT system of Kerry Logistics. It provides many services to meet individual needs of customers. What kinds of services or technologies that you differentiate from your competitors?

IT serves as one of the core elements of Kerry Logistics. There are over 50 programmers in Hong Kong creating the program that helps the process of the supply chain andflexible to adjust afterunderstanding the customer needs. There are many technologies sole proprietary by Kerry Logistics.

Morning

5. Kerry has many in-house customized systems, such as KerrierVISION, KBOS. Could you tell us more about the benefits toward the company after implementing these systems?

Without all these systems, Kerry Logistics has no difference with the other transitional carriers. Those systems help Kerry to connect and communicate with customers in electronic way but notin manual way. IT system is the core value of Kerry andit is very crucial for logistic company in today fast-paced business world. All system mentioned above is the fundamental of Kerry logistic

6. What are the major competitive advantages of Kerry logistics to differentiate

itself from other logistics companies like FedEx and DHL Express, UPS to

maintain its competitiveness in Asia?

 

This question is not asked in the Q&A session.

Hactl – Q&A Session

Smarties

1. The performance rate on landside services (e.g. Truck waiting time, cargo acceptance time, cargo release time) always maintain to full capacity. What control policy have you made to maintain the superior service quality?

 

Hactl have 2600 employees now. Service delivery is the largest frontline department of Hactl. Communication among departments and customers is very vital. Hactl has hold meeting with customers continuously to understand their needs and requirements for further improvement. For cargo delivery industry, time is extremely important. Hactl sign service level agreement with their customers respectively. Customers set their specific accuracy of cargo handling so as to monitor the performance of service. Service is one of the core value of Hactl, thus it is necessary to main a good and direct communicate with customers, which is the most effective and efficient mean.          

2. The bad weather has become ubiquitous, like the deadly snow and ice storm in America’s southern states and eastern coast for the recent days. Would these bad weather create any challenges for your company like delay for cargo or rising cost? What are the contingency arrangements to deal with the bad weather for your company?

Hong Kong is relatively less affected by extreme adverse weather. However, the bad weather is a big challenge in other county. Since Hactl is third party logistics, cargo delay is not belonged Hactl’s job duty but airlines. Airlines should have their own contingency plans to cope with the bad weather. Furthermore, according to HK airport restrict order, no process can be remain under the situations of red, black rain, thunder, lightning.

 

Morning

3. AAT has made a success in applying RFID for their security and operation. Do Hactl have any plan to improve their security level rather than using manual labor?

AAT use RFID to control traffic flow of tracks and RFID used by AAT is franchise. Nevertheless, Hactl use COSAC PLUS that is self-developed and designed systemby Hactl. COSAC PLUS is an automatic system to handle cargo. One of the main usages is truck paging for the whole community, such as drivers, customs, customers and etc. Besides, Hactl has developed a mobile apps for drivers in order to alert drivers about picking location and time. But they still provide manual way by conventional document and broadcast announcement.

 

4. Different cargoes may have various investigation measures by government departments like C&E and AFCD dept. What are the roles of Hactl in managing the product and information flow?

 

Lots of investigation halls for different government departments located in Hactl warehouse. C&E can access and extract information easily and directly from Hactl IT system. Thereby, they draw specific lot of goods for random checking. Hactl acts as a facilitator and catalystto smooth and accelerate the entireinvestigation process.

 

Apex

5. After the opening of Cathay Pacific Cargo Terminal, how does it affect the company’s business? As far as I know, most airlines in Hong Kong handle end customers through air forwarder agencies. Does the company have the intention to provide the services to the end customers like air forwarder agencies?

 

CX was used to be the biggest customer of Hactl. It induced 30% business loss and 30% warehouse utilization reduction. Hactl consider that it is an inevitable competition in industry. In positive perspective, it caused Hactl vacated more space and hnman resource to explore new business and enhance diversification.

Hacis, subsidiary of Hactl, start providing one stop shop logistics service to southern China as air forwarder, they provide a variety of services, such as packing, unpacking, tracking, etc., to make a step further.

6. The Hong Kong Government approved Airport Authority to build a third runway in 2012. Suppose the third runway is constructed, Hong Kong International Airport will be able to accommodate 620,000 flight movements per year which is 200,000 more than existing capacity. How would Hactl evolve to satisfy the increasing demand of cargo handling from the airlines in the future while at the same time keeping its current exceptional service performance?

 

Though, the announcement of EIA report of the third runway is still pending, Mid-field construction is ongoing now in order to address the busyness of HK airport.  The major benefit of construction of the third runway is attractiveness to new airlines. After the construction they are able to explore new routes in Hong Kong because of more timeslot to park. Hactl is confident that to have enough facility, staff, space for conducting business with the new airlines as well as Hacis will expand to cope with the increasing needs.

TAL - Q&A Session

APEX

1. TAL relies heavily on the advanced information systems and the IS involve in most of the TAL’s operations to help TAL gains competitive advantages. However, does TAL have any contingency plan if the information systems go down in one day? Does TAL have any manual procedures to maintain normal operation if it really happens?

Supposing not to experience government-scale hacking, the most potential source of hacking is company-scale by competitors for sales data only. However, data sensitivity is really low and the information systems contain very limited personal information of customers.While the information systems going down, TAL have multiple IT back up plan for precaution. For instance, they are able to extract information and data 7 days ago.Just in case, excel spreadsheet is a last resort.

2. We would like to know if TAL is going to have the RFID tags on its products as multiple RFID tags can be read at the same time. This may help to save the time and cost in the inventory management. If RFID tags are used in the products, how will TAL solve the possible privacy matter that might be encountered?

In fact, RFID is a powerful technology tool for tracking but it still hassome limitations. The major limitations are: Physical limitations like reading through liquid or metals still exist. Accurate read rates on some items can be very low. In addition, the cost of RFID tag is expensive, especially for washable tolerance tag with about US$1 for each. It is too difficult to apply RFID on TAL, as its production process is divided into different parts for assembly. Moreover, the smart tag technology is yet to be perfected, Thus, TAL applies this on some small-scale testing now until the industry or technology to be mature enough. Todays, TAL think barcoding is enough for their internal process. TAL also proposes to reuse RFID for internal usage or transfer the cost to the price of final products if customer request to add RFID. However, it also have privacy problem as customers do not like being tracked.

Morning

3. What are the reasons that make TAL believe that the IT systems they have been adopting are the right tools for their company?

• ERP : Failure due to incompatibility; outsource to ERP solution

• Made to measure: higher operating cost, setup cost

• VMI : Risk of bearing the liability of stock out

Above all, TAL signs the agreement with partners to ensure the confidentiality of client information. TAL’s IT teams encrypt the information for transaction. There is no sensitive customer data involved in the system, only basic transaction data. The most important is that EDI already secured system

4. As an international company, how does TAL resolve the problem related to cultural differences or uncertainties?

• Political situation in Thailand

• Women in workplace (South Asia)

TAL recruitssome local experts to management level on each branch to achieve local management. TAL also sends the team from other countries to new countries in order to ensure the corporate culture is cohesive. For example, team from Thailand will be sent to Vietnam to collaborate with local teams.

Smarties

5. What is the outlook of apparel industry in the coming future?

TAL insists to be an innovator in supply chain services andprovide sophisticated quality for product. As large scale cooperation, TAL hopes to follow its own disciplines in the future. Although it is difficult not to have defects for large company, TAL endeavors to enhance product reliability. Besides, fashionable goods havevery short life cycle. TAL would like to spent time for understanding customers’ need and government strategyin order to look forward market trend. Last but not least, TAL focus on people, thus they provide proper and superior training to their staff and recruit the right team for TAL.

6. VMI & MTM system help to offer great services to customers. How does TAL turn these innovations to a sustainable competitive advantage in a long run in order to avoid competitors’ replication?

Even though TAL is the first corporation to offer the supply chain management service, TAL still keep researching and testing. TAL keeps on fulfilling customers’ needs. So far TAL hasinvented more than 30 innovative technologies. TAL provides staff training to make sure workers have multi-skills. TAL’s has first mover advantagein whole supply chain management service including good relationship with retailers, human resource, quality control, system and etc.TAL also continueon their R&D. All in all, it is impossible for later movers to duplicate all the things.For example, TAL’s MTM system improved from long toshort production line. In U.S, suits will be arrived 3weeks after receiving the order. It is hard for others to compete.

FedEx: Question 1

Q1. Company Overview of FedEx

Company background

FedEx Corporation is an American global courier delivery services company headquartered in Memphis, founded in 1971. It is one of the world's largest express transportation companies which provide a wide range of shipping service for documents, packages, heavy freight shipment and e-commerce services worldwide with annual revenues of $45 billion. Being the world’s most admired and trusted service provider ranked by customers, FedEx now employs over 300,000 workers to offer safety, ethical and professional service to satisfy customers’ needs, for instance, FedEx Express creates a global air-and-ground network to increase the speed of time-sensitive shipments within one to two business days with guaranteed delivery time.


Business Model

FedEx had invested heavily in IT system to help customers to take advantage of international markets, for example, it is the first transportation company to launch website for customers to conduct business via the Internet. Besides, advancement in IT promotes the globalization of commerce which enhances the trend for online shopping. In this way FedEx had offered a service called FedEx Home Delivery to catch up the needs of business-to-consumer market.

The followings are types of E-commerce model FedEx are now using:
1. Business-to-business (B2B)
2. Business-to-consumer (B2C)
3. Consumer-to-consumer (C2C)

Customers

FedEx Express provides fast and reliable delivery to every U.S. address and to more than 220 countries and territories around the world. It needs to handle more than 3.9 million packages and 11 million pounds of freight volume every day2. Here are some examples of FedEx’s customers:

Dell Computers

FedEx has designed a system which assists Dell to pioneer the direct selling model of personal computer. FedEx cooperates with Dell to allow customized, built-to-order products to be delivered within days after placing an order by a customer. In this way, Dell can reduce the risk of producing too much obsolete products and gain competitive advantage in computer industry.


National Semiconductor Corp.

National Semiconductor Corp. has outsourced its warehousing and distribution to FedEx. After controlling the goods, warehouse and dispatch of orders completely, FedEx can pack and fulfill orders automatically which helps NatSemi to reduce the average customer delivery cycle and distribution cost.


Omaha Steaks

FedEx would help Omaha Steaks to generate tracking and shipping label after receiving the order from its computer system and then deliver to FedEx’s regional hubs for onward delivery.

Cisco Systems

FedEx created a unique system to Cisco to reduce its shipping and warehouse cost. The system automatically selects routes and picks the most effective and economical mode of transportation to ship the parts to the customer site once each part was manufactured.

Comparison of competitors

	UPS	DHL	TNT
Founded	1907	1969	1946
Headquarter	United States	Germany	Netherlands
Area serviced	Worldwide	Worldwide	Worldwide
Service provided	1.Express service, 2.Freight Transportation, 3.Supply Chain Solution, 4.Specialty Services (technical repair and configuration etc)	1.Express service, 2.Freight Transportation, 3.Supply Chain Solutio	1.Express service, 2.Freight Transportation, 3.Industry Solution, 4.Outsourced service (project management etc)
Revenue	$US 54.1 billion in 2012	$EUR 13.5 billion in 2013	$EUR 6.7 billion in 2013
Employees	397600	285000	65000

 

Reference:
FedEx, n.d.. Who is FedEx?. Available from: <http://www.fedex.com/hk_english/about/who.html>[14 Mar 2014]

FedEx, n.d.. FedEx Facts. Available from: <http://www.fedex.com/hk_english/about/facts.html>[14 Mar 2014]

UPS, n.d..Worldwide. Available from: <http://www.ups.com/content/hk/en/about/facts/worldwide.html>[14 Mar 2014]

DHL, n.d.. Company Portrait. Available from: <http://www.dhl.com/en/about_us/company_portrait.html>[14 Mar 2014]

TNT, n.d.. About TNT Express. Available from: <http://www.tnt.com/express/en_hk/site/home/about_us/about_tnt_express.html>[14 Mar 2014]